English Walnut Tree Diseases

The English walnut tree, popular because of its delicious nut, is also grown as an ornamental and because its spreading limbs are good for shade. Four principal diseases are associated with the English walnut: Walnut blight, Walnut leaf blotch, Blackline, and Walnut husk fly.

Walnut blight is infection by the bacteria Pseudomonas juglandis or Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis. Walnut blight causes black spots on the leaves and blotches and holes on the nuts. It can also kill shoots. When the male catkins (a drooping cluster of blooms) are affected, the nuts can suffer heavy damage. It does the most damage in cool and wet weather around flowering time. Walnut blight mainly affects young growth and nuts.

A soil pH above six helps prevent Walnut blight. Pruning to allow good aeration and avoiding excessive wetness and nitrogen also helps.

Damaged parts should be cut and burnt. A fungus fighting Bordeaux mixture, a mix of finely ground lime and powdered copper sulphate, available commercially, may be applied.

The fungus popularly called Walnut anthracnose aka Marssonina juglandis, Gnomonia leptostyla, or Marssonella juglandis, causes nuts to turn black then fall. It causes brown blotches on nuts and leaves, a large number of which fall.

Leaf blotch spreads usually spreads in May and early June during wet weather. Since it survives over the winter on leaf litter, fallen leaves should be burnt. A Bordeaux mixture can sometimes help fight leaf blotch.

Blackline is a viral disease that gradually kills the top of walnut trees and causes a proliferation of shoots growing from their roots. It is common to the San Francisco Bay Area, northern California, and parts of Oregon.

It is impossible to control black line, but the dead top should be removed and three or four suckers developed for a new canopy.

The small, colourful Walnut Husk Fly spends most of its life underground, emerging in the summer to lay eggs in the hulls of maturing walnuts. The eggs, about 15 in each hull, turn into maggots. The maggots feed in inside the walnut from three to five weeks. When they are mature, they’re yellow with black mouths and are about a quarter of an inch long. They drop to the ground and burrow into the soil to start another cycle

The hulls can turn black, mushy. The meat can fail to grow or become mouldy. Sometimes the shell will be stained but the nut is still good to eat.

Dispose of infected hulls in a sealed bag. GF-120 and Sinosad (Monterey Garden Insect Spray and other brand names) are both used to kill the Walnut Husk Fly. They ordinarily mixed with molasses to form a bait that is sprayed onto trees.

In California, commercial growers may use GF-120; home users are restricted to Spinosad.